Global Financing and Rate

Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms Veronica L. Powell University of Phoenix MGT/448 Donald Joseph March 31, 2009 Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms Currency is unreliable. In some countries the United States dollar is worth more than that countries currency, while in other countries the U. S. dollar is worth less. The exchange rate fluctuates on a continuous base which makes the term â€Å"funny money† more realistic each day. The purpose of this paper is to discuss hard and soft currency, the South African rand, Cuban pesos, and why the exchange rates fluctuate.Hard currency is a currency, usually from a highly industrialized country, that is largely accepted globally as a form of payment for goods and services (Investopedia, 2010). Hard currency is presumed to remain fairly stable through a short period of time, and to be considerably liquid in foreign exchange markets. Soft currency is another name for â€Å"weak currency. † The values of soft c urrencies fluctuate often, and other countries do not want to hold these currencies due to political or economic uncertainty within the country with the soft currency (Investopedia, 2010).Hard currency comes from a country that is politically and economically stable. The United States dollar and the British pound are examples of hard currencies. Soft currencies tend to be prevalent in developing countries. Often, governments from developing countries set unreasonably high exchange rates, pegging the currency of that country to a currency such as the United States dollar. South Africa had a fixed exchange rate for its currency until the latter part of the 1960s; afterward, the South African rand was pegged against major foreign currency.The value of the rand followed changes in the balance of payments and moved roughly with sterling and other weaker currencies until 1985 (Country Data, 1996). The foreign debt crisis of 1985 prompted the rand to depreciate at a bewildering rate, thus it fell to a value that was less than US$0. 40. In 1987 the rand began to recover reaching US$0. 43; however the rand continued to decrease steadily, with minor differences, until declining to US$0. 26 in the latter part of 1995. The rand is a parallel currency that was exclusively used for nonresident capital movements during the 1980s and 1990s.The financial rand was available to foreigners for investment only in South Africa was formulated by the sale of nonresidents’ assets in the country (Country Data, 1996). The two-tiered currency system insulated the country’s foreign reserves from politically stimulated capital flight, because all divestment by nonresidents were automatically met by new investment, and the price of the financial rand varied independently of the commercial rand (Country Data, 1996). Ultimately, South Africa’s economic growth depends upon increasing gold profits and foreign investments.The Cuban Pesos (CUP) is the official currency in Cub a. The American dollar is not accepted on government business in Cuba since November 2004. All of the stores that sold goods in American currency changed to the Cuban Convertible Pesos (CUC). Pesos convertibles cost the equivalent of $1. 18 United States Dollars (USD). In Cuba, currency is exchanged every day, and it is a known fact that the pesos are unstable. The Cuban Pesos is equivalent to 100 cents (centavos). The notes can be of the following denominations: 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 pesos; coins can be of 1, 5, and 20 centavos (Cuba Currency, 2005).The exchange to the Pesos convertible into United States Dollars are fixed, one to one equivalent of the $1 USD that was established by the Central Bank of Cuba. National currencies are important to the way modern day economies function. The national currencies allow businesses to logically express the value of a good, service, or product globally. Exchange rates are needed because one countries currency is not always accepted in another country. An exchange rate is simply the cost of one form of currency in another form of currency (Grabianowski, 2004).For example, if 1 South African rand is exchanged for 80 Japanese yen, the consumer purchased a different form of currency to use in while in Japan. Many centuries ago, currencies of the world were covered by gold. A piece of paper currency was issued by any world government agency that represented a real amount of gold being held in a vault by that government agency (Grabianowski, 2004). In the 1930s, the U. S. set the value of the dollar at a single, unchanging level: 1 ounce of gold was worth $35 (Grabianowski, 2004). Other countries based the value of their currencies on the U.S. dollar after World War II. Since everyone knew how much gold a U. S. dollar was worth, then the value of any other currency against the dollar could be based on its value in gold (Grabianowski, 2004). Currency worth twice as much gold as the U. S dollar was, subsequently, also w orth two U. S. dollars (Grabianowski, 2004). The two main systems used to determine a currency’s exchange rate are: floating currency and pegged currency. The market determines a floating exchange rate. For instance, a currency is worth whatever buyers are willing to pay for it.This is determined by supply and demand, which is in turn driven by foreign investment, import/export ratios, inflation, and a host of other economic factors (Grabianowski, 2004). Primarily, countries with stable and mature economic markets use a floating system. Floating exchange rates are considered efficient because the market will automatically correct the rate to reflect inflation and other economic forces (Grabianowski, 2004). The floating system is not perfect, if a country’ economy suffers from instability; a floating system will discourage investment (Grabianowski, 2004).To sum up, this paper discussed hard and soft currency, the South African rand, Cuban pesos, and why the exchange rat es fluctuate. Hard and soft currencies are both affected by the exchange rate which fluctuates on a daily basis. Though the notion of the USD not being accepted in Cuba seems unreasonable, it is the choice of Fidel Castro and is honored by American citizens. As countries continue to develop more currencies will become available and will also have the affects of the fluctuating exchange rate. References Country Data. (1996, May).South africa currency. Retrieved from http://www. country-data. com/cgi-bin/query/r-12162. html Cuba Currency. (2005). Cuban pesos. Retrieved from http://www. cubacurrency. com Grabianowski, E. (2004, February 06). How Exchange rates work. Retrieved from http://money. howstuffworks. com/exchange-rate. htm Investopedia. (2010). What does Soft currency mean? Retrieved from http://www. investopedia. com/terms/s/softcurrency. asp Investopedia. (2010). What does Hard currency mean?. Retrieved from http://www. investopedia. com/terms/h/hardcurrency. asp

How Old World Diseases Destroyed Indian America Essay

The Invisible Enemy – How Old World diseases destroyed Indian America and created Colonial America. In the years prior to the Pilgrims establishing Plymouth colony in 1620, the area had been ravaged by an epidemic of disease which had wiped out the original Indian inhabitants. The Pilgrims believed that God had sent the disease among the Indians to clear the site for his ‘chosen people’. This is but one example of how the introduction of disease would forever change the existing Indian America into a ‘new’ America the Natives would barely recognize and would face an everlasting struggle to be part of. The impact of Old World diseases is one of the most critical aspects to understanding the history of Native American Indians. Old World pathogens were carried by the Europeans into the ‘virgin soil’ of Indian America would forever change the very existence of the Native Americans. Epidemics of killer disease were to rampage through Indian society and the Indians being immunologically defenseless succumbed in their thousands. Smallpox was the most devastating of the early killer diseases, followed by deadly strains of typhus and measles (Thornton 1987:44-45). These were followed by bubonic plague, diphtheria, cholera, scarlet fever, typhoid, mumps, pertussis, colds, pleurisy, and, virulent forms of pneumonia and influenza along with respiratory infections, poliomyelitis, venereal syphilis, malaria, yellow fever and dysentery. The mortality rates from smallpox were appallingly high and the periodic outbreaks compounded the losses. Thornton, Miller and Warren (1991:41) conclude that â€Å"American Indian populations were exposed to cycles of population reduction caused by both recurrent epidemics of the same disease and by epidemics of newly encountered diseases experiencing ‘virgin veil’ conditions†. In 1779, smallpox broke out in Mexico City, and over the next four years the disease reached pandemic proportions, spreading in all directions; through the Southwest, the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains and by 1783 into Canada. Thousands of Indians died. Mortality rates of 90 per cent were commonplace; tribes were decimated, in some instances wholly obliterated. Indian populations fell into a precipitous decline; one estimate speculates that the population of Native Indians in North America fell by 74 percent between 1492 and 1800. In some regions populations recovered and in some areas increased, as refugees from other areas coalesced with existing groups, but all told, disease, in conjunction with war, slavery and other cultural disruptions determined there was scant opportunity for population recovery to occur. Treatment of epidemic related illnesses by traditional methods were often lethally counterproductive. Sweat lodge ceremonies to purify the body required convening people in a confined space and therefore making the airborne transmission of viruses easier. The profuse sweating brought about dangerous dehydration as did the use of customary herbal medicines, many of which contained cathartic and emetic properties. With the Indians resorting in anguish to curing societies and community rituals to combat new diseases; shamans explored new and more effective rituals through fasting and dreaming. The Mandan Indians, a farming tribe, living along the Missouri River at the edges of the Great Plains, were virtually wiped out by disease. When first encountered by the French in 1738 the Mandans population was approximately 15,000 but over the next hundred years, numbers declined dramatically. The Mandans location at the hub of the trade network on the Missouri River guaranteed exposure to the epidemic diseases sweeping through trade routes. Nucleated, sedentary tribes were hardest hit by disease; for the Mandans and â€Å"river peoples† like them, this caused further shifting of the power balance in the region to the Plains groups. After experiencing devastating losses in the smallpox pandemic of 1779-81, by June 1837 the Mandan population was at best 2,000; by October 1837, after another smallpox epidemic, 138 Mandan Indians remained. Like the Mandans, the Huron interactions with European traders inevitably brought disease to their villages. Prior to the summer of 1634, a Huron population of 30,000 persons and 20 villages was estimated by the French Jesuits who had lived among them. Influenza struck in 1636. Smallpox hit hard in the mid-1630s, returning in 1639 and by 1640 half the Huron people had been killed by the disease. A house to house census conducted by the Jesuits in the spring of 1639 and over the winter of 1639-40, documents the impact of the 1639-40 smallpox epidemic; the last in a series of catastrophic diseases between 1634 and 1640. A total of 12,000 Huron and their neighbors the Tionantate remained. As disease took its appalling toll, the Huron looked increasingly to the Jesuits for spiritual help. The missionaries who had been barely tolerated before, were largely unaffected by disease and therefore in the eyes of the Huron, men of power. Reinforcing this belief was the failure of the Huron shamans to forewarn or safeguard their people from the devastation. Over the course of the six years between 1634 and 1640, the Huron experienced a depopulation rate of 60 per cent. The Kiowa were a nomadic, buffalo-hunting tribe. They ranged from the head of the Missouri River to the Black Hills until driven southward by the Arapaho, Cheyenne and Sioux to the region near the Arkansas River in the early nineteenth century. At this time the Kiowa numbered around 2,000. Plains Indians being more dispersed, had a lesser chance of infection and greater chance of survival, but in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, epidemics of smallpox struck the Indians of the West hard. Up to half of the Plains Indians may have died in the smallpox pandemic of 1779-81, which had advanced along trade routes that the Indians followed to trade horses. The Dohasan calendar (1832-92) was begun by the Kiowa chief named Dohasan and continued until 1892 by his nephew when Dohasan died in 1866, chronicles sixty years of devastating change for the Kiowa. Using a copy of the calendar drawn by Dohasan himself, anthropologist James Mooney compiled an account of the events depicted by the calendar, from information supplied by Dohasan and supplemented with information from other Kiowa chronicles. The calendar accounts epidemics among the Kiowas in the winter of 1839-40 and 1861-62, and in the summer of 1849, cholera. By the summer of 1879, buffalo were so scarce that to keep from starving the Kiowas had to kill and eat their horses. The calendar ends in 1892 with a measles epidemic, which broke out at the reservation school, and once the school superintendent sent the sick children home, spread quickly. In 1848 gold was discovered in California, this inevitably brought more immigrants across the Plains, who in turn brought cholera, measles and scarlet fever to the Indians. The eventual conquest of the West by the American military came about in the in the aftermath of biological catastrophes which had left the Indians practically powerless and unable to resist. Conclude about how these experiences/events were critical in native American history Conclude by explaining why (or why not studying native American history is important today Native American history is important and it is imperative that it still be studied today. As part of the fundamental roots of this country; and the brutal behaviors It is impossible not to be apathetic to the Native Indians immense suffering at the hands of the formation of Colonial America. The gains achieved by the new America’ were at the detriment of the Indian people.

Application Of Leadership Knowledge To Health Visitors Practice Nursing Essay

Application Of Leadership Knowledge To Health Visitors Practice Nursing Essay 1.1This report will provide evidence of the application of leadership knowledge to the role of the Health visitor’s practice. The report will look at my leadership style and skills in relation to developing and implementing an evening well baby clinic. When implementing this clinic I will aim to address and discuss past leadership experience and how I will use this within my team to achieve the best outcomes for families within my practice area. Attention will be made on relating this to improving the quality of care as highlighted in the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Standards of proficiency for specialist community public health nurses, 2004. The standards also state that I, as a Specialist Community Public Health Nurses (SCPHN) must work in partnership with all team members and clients. I will apply my existing and newly developed leadership skills when managing my evening well baby clinic (NMC, 2004 and DOH, 2009). This report will include a discussion on my best pr actice and the use of evaluation and reflection in learning from experiences. The report will also include issues related to the quality of care and how my leadership can maintain or improve it. The aims and objectives of this report are to provide a clear expression of the quality issues in clinical care. To analyse my understanding of the process of change and my leadership styles can influence the quality of care. I will then look at change theories, management and leadership styles within my practice area and consider what the strengths and weaknesses are. Consideration will also be given to conflict management and my style of leadership within the team in order to promote effective working. 2 Critical analysis and review of own individual knowledge and competence of leadership practice within health visiting practice. 2.1Whilst undertaking the SCPHN course I have had many opportunities and experiences to developed my leadership, and reflect on the kind of leader I aspire to be. There are two types of leaders, transformational and transactional. I feel that I am currently a transformational leader as I try to motivate staff members, encourage vision and ideas and inspire team members and clients to achieve the best possible outcomes. As identified by Huber (2010) Vision is a key aspect of any leadership activity. I feel that my evening well baby clinic has shown my vision through the ideas and implementation of activities within the group. I shared my vision with fellow team members, this promoted motivation and inspiration. Transactional leadership is a more direct approach setting out clear goals and offering rewards to staff members in order to meet objectives (Hartley and Benington, 2010). I adapted aspects of this approach but felt that a transformational approach was more appropriate for my team and my practice. Whilst the transformational model of leadership may be seen as dynamic and therefore appeal to change agents, in this scenario the proposed change is largely transactional. The evening clinic will not provide staff with new skills or knowledge and it is unlikely to be seen as a particularly innovative as it is simply expanding an already existing service within the practice area. However, it is important to recognise the need for transactional change, in this instance practical concerns of an evening well baby clinic are being addressed. The evening clinic will not only benefit service users, it will improve service delivery and help achieve both local and national requirements.

Money Market Violations and the Money-Laundering Events Assignment - 1

Money Market Violations and the Money-Laundering Events - Assignment Example According to a survey made by the International Monetary Fund in the year 1996, laundered money occupied 2 to 5 percent of the world economy (Molander et al, 1998). FATF which stands for Financial Action Task Force on Money laundering is an intergovernmental body which has been formed to fight money laundering (Witherell, 2002). It believes that getting a reliable estimate on the magnitude of money laundered is quite difficult and hence it generally doesn’t publish any numbers regarding the money laundered amount. The same situation is prevalent among the academic commentators who are unable to give any estimate on money laundered amount. Even though the exact measurement of estimating the money laundered is difficult, there are still millions and millions of money laundered every year (International Monetary Fund, 2005). This has been a great concern for creating financial policy by the government. This has resulted in lots of international organizations and government to take efforts to counter money laundering, to deter money launderers. Prevention and detection of illegal transactions have been a primary priority of financial institut ions and this is also emphasized by the government as well saves their company's reputation. The anti-money laundering legislation according to the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, would demand an explanation by the authorities for any illegal activity by the customers of the regulated sector (Ewerhart et al, 2007). The regulated sector would comprise of investment, money transmission, and banking. UK has given wide importance in money laundering (FATF, 2004). Any involvement with any assets involved in the crime is treated to be money laundering offense. Any possession of the one's own assets involved in the case is also considered to be money laundering act of UK. The traditional meaning of the word money laundering would be a process which involves the source of the proceeds to be hidden or disguised and they are made to be appearing legal.

Analysis of Walmart Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Walmart - Research Paper Example More than 90% of respondents said that Walmart’s leadership style is result centred and people focused (Foroohar, 2012). The managers interviewed confirmed that the people elected into leadership positions are servant leaders with sharp business minds, global outlook and a clear vision for the company. The company’s elevation was guided by leaders who constantly inspired their subordinates to work hard and steer the business to the next level of success (Roberts & Berg, 2012). The observation exercise revealed that leaders were understanding, inspiring, thoughtful, kind, and considerate and involved their subordinates in decision making. The subordinates were very happy with their leaders and perceived them as very helpful and pleasant to work with (Creswell & Clark, 2007). More than 90% of respondents said that transformational leadership was effective because it encourages and motivates employees to form common organizational goals, which has seen the firm transform from a small business to a multinational retail corporation. 87% of respondents said that leaders’ behavior increases performance by motivating, training and pushing employees to give their best. More than 90% of employees (respondents) were happy to work for the firm. The dissatisfied group gave reasons such as poor working conditions and low pay as major dissatisfiers The research also revealed that Walmart has good leadership that is guided by strong business ethics. Most respondents were satisfied with the company’s leadership and adherence to business ethics. However, there were several instances of unethical behaviour that were reported by respondents. For example, Wal-Mart was accused of unethical behaviour when it continued to buy clothes from Bangladesh which were banned for export. It was also involved in major financial scandals such as the Mexico scandal that involved bribery, fraud, and concealing evidence

In tune with the infinate by Ralph Waldo trine Essay

In tune with the infinate by Ralph Waldo trine - Essay Example Some have done it subconsciously and achieved this state of being while some have achieved this through reading of scriptures written by people who have done it and have been able to achieve it through discipline (Waldo, 2007). This article tries to analyze the view of one author of a book that enumerates steps that a human being can follow to achieve this state of being while I investigate these views and offer my personal take on the steps that this author gives. In his book, â€Å"In Tune with the Infinite Self†, Ralf Waldo is trying to point out the steps on can take to be able to be a complete human being. He starts by offering that there is a golden thread in all human beings that when a human being discovers it, it will change the person`s life forever. However, this golden thread can only be realized by those who reach for it; those who are willing to trade their weakness and suffering for strength and health, their pain for peace and calmness, and their poverty for fu llness. Waldo looks at this state as the state of being in oneness and in tune with the inner self or the part of oneself that cannot be seen because according to him, everything starts from the unseen before it becomes seen and it is the unseen that controls the seen and thus getting to know the unseen is what every human should aspire to know. To achieve this the Waldo has highlighted the following aspects: Human beings should understand the: 1. Supreme facts of the Universe. 2. Supreme facts of Human life. 3. Fullness of life i.e health and vigor. 4. Secret, power, and effect of love 5. Wisdom of interior illumination 6. Realization of perfect peace. 7. Coming into fullness of power. 8. Laws of prosperity 9. Ways that men have followed to become prophets, seers, and saviors. 10. Basic principle of all religion In so doing, a person will be able to enter into full realization of lasting riches. Most of these things are visibly clear from a human point of view and it takes a step b y step self discovery to realize and understand the next level. The writer says that everything is right but what differentiates these things are the different points of views that we as human beings have, it is however worth noting that if all human beings achieve this state of being in touch with the inner self, the point of view will be one; what the writer calls â€Å"oneness† (Waldo, 2007). One example he gives is that of optimism and pessimism, according to Waldo, both a pessimist and an optimist are right in their own sense with the difference being that a pessimist`s point of view is dimmed by ignorance while an optimist view is illuminated by wisdom. To start understanding one self, Waldo advises that an individual should first understand the supreme fact of the Universe; that there is an infinite source of life and all things be it spirit, wisdom, hope, to mention but a few. According to him, there is only one source of all this and that source is God. Being certain that some would disagree with this opinion, Waldo says that to him God is a name that can take different forms like the â€Å"provider†, the â€Å"omnipresent† for the believers and thus even the non-believers would agree that there is someone in their own understanding that provides for them but they chose to have a different name for that someone (Waldo, 2007). On human beings understanding

Change in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Change in Education - Essay Example Many factors have contributed to this. Instances of the factors that have contributed to change include globalization, women empowerment, technological advancements, ecological change, and rate of reported suicide going up and over dependency on our parents for economical support. This means that education has to change. In addition to that if education is to change, then change has to be administered in our schools. Different from the manner in which things used to operate long ago, the needs of every one keep changing. This is starting with the parents, to their children who are the students then lastly, to the staff. The changes occurring in the environment have to be addressed (Congregation for Catholic Education, 1997). As the needs keep changing, then it is evident that change must also be installed. This means that schools have to change the environment that surrounds them whether internally or externally to meet the needs of the end user. If schools review their structure to meet the needs of individuals involved, then it means that they are meeting the needs of the 21st century people and moreover, a wider society. If our schools are to install change successfully, then they must look at the things that are needed to bring about the change. If it is changing the curricula system, the way in which the teachers address their students, what kind of relationship they have, installing change in to students and assisting them to cope with the changes. The administration must first understand what type of change they want to install and why they want to install it. In doing this, there will be a smooth running in the change transaction. They will be able to administer the change effectively since they... This paper approveas that the real reason as to why we succeed in installing change is by installing habitual patterns and behaviors. These patterns, that we install consists of assumptions. These assumptions guide us on how we should handle things. In addition to that as a means of curbing change, there are institutions set up for this. However, as time goes by, we find ourselves in the same process all over again and change becomes an integral part of our lives. If we possess intentions at heart to become effective leaders, then we have to find a suitable way of controlling and installing change. This is especially in our schools now that the education system proves that it needs revision every now and then. If the institution has to meet the set goals, then there has to be constant review of the environments surrounding it whether internally or externally. Since we can never evade change, it means that good leadership has to be integrated to assist individuals in managing change. This paper makes a conclusion that the leaders should have a support structure based on support from each other and a mutual solidarity. Although the solidarity that exists at times will be viewed as the obstacle, it is essential that solidarity exist. In addition, it has been mentioned that people are nothing without their friends. These leaders need the emotional support from their family members and their friends. Moreover, the leaders must also have professional support. In this case, professional support means that the leader has counselors and social workers who will assist him in making sound decisions that seem too difficult for him. If a leader has support from these three groups, then it is with no doubt that a strong structure bond will be formed.

Remuneration and Employee Motivation in the Retail Industry Research Paper

Remuneration and Employee Motivation in the Retail Industry - Research Paper Example The current paper focuses on the examination of the relationship between remuneration and motivation in firms’ operating in the retail industry. It seems that employee motivation is strongly affected by the remuneration policies used within a specific organization. However, this relationship has many aspects; it is possible for the employees’ performance to be kept at high levels even if the amount of compensation (or other benefits) paid to employees is not increased. The skills of the managers involved in the relevant efforts are of critical importance for the achievement of the above target. The above assumptions have been also verified in practice through the survey conducted for this study. Most of the participants – employees in two large shopping centers in London, UK – have stated that the conditions in the workplace are quite important for their performance – even if the remuneration is lower than expected. However, in the long term, a fair remuneration strategy is required in order for the productivity of employees to be kept at high levels. The increase of employee motivation – as a factor influencing their performance – can be achieved only through appropriate HR policies. The conditions of the market, however, have also a crucial role; during periods of strong financial turbulence, the ability of managers to proceed to specific initiatives like increasing the remuneration of employees is limited.

Business ethics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business ethics - Article Example I agree with the author’s statement that a conjunction of motive, means and opportunity creates an ethical hazard (Pendse, 2012). This approach is complimented by the definition of fitness hazard as a tendency of an entity to take undue menace whose costs are not borne on them (William, 2007). I deem author is aiming at providing rules and procedure that will help curb ethical hazards. This is seen in the light of providing an ethical hazard marshal to minimize these tribulations (Pendse, 2012). An instance is given of the leading company, Enron. The management styles and executive decisions of the executives of the company led to an enormous financial crisis.(William, 2007). Therefore, the executives were convicted and received extensive penitentiary terms. Although I liked the way the writer proposed the initiative of teaching ethics in business schools to curb future occurrences, I think the proposal would be essential in schools of all disciplines and not only business school(Pendse, 2012). This is because, ethical deeds are a must for the growth of any being in their job place, in households, and in their day to day actions. In my view, I think the author is wrong in assuming that other past scandals were restricted in the corporations they occurred in since for every ethical hazard that happen other institutions and individuals suffer with it(Pendse, 2012). The difference is in the magnitude, for example, in the article the scandal at Enron destroyed, not just the company, but the rest of the world, as well (Conrad, 2010). This does not inevitably mean that other scandals that seem restrictive do not spread their downfall. In stating that the fiscal crisis at Enron was totally â€Å"unforeseeable and unpredictable†, I feel that the author is contradicting himself. This is seen in the subsequent line where he states that Warren Buffet had previously warned of the looming danger. The danger was, as a result of the the increasing leverage and

Policy Paper - US Environmental Protection Agency about Energy use and Research

Policy - US Environmental Protection Agency about Energy use and opportunities for energy savings - Research Paper Example We should also aim at making all our resources and energy at the same rate. Whenever energy efficiency chances are available to us, we should take the opportunity without thinking twice. Those with energy efficiency innovations should be encouraged and provided with the necessary support both financial and moral, the information that they later avail should always be made available at and if found important applied to the country’s economy. I encourage the harnessing of energy in the country and driving their availability and disclosure. Energy is the key to running a successful business, home and the country’s economy as a whole. The government has often been seen to neglect the role of energy in the growth of the country’s economy. Energy reduction can play a great role in managing our country’s energy system. The measures that contribute to the reduction in the demand for energy can be applied in a more cost effective way than we can imagine. It meets our energy needs as well. Therefore, we should be proud of the innovations that are essential to achieving these courses. The country should be in a position to use the amount of energy that we need at a given time only. The amount of carbon emission can go down as well and thus aiding the achievement f our carbon budget. Homes in our country have been built and developed over several years with their energy efficiency varying from good to worst thus bringing many of these homes to the levels of being less worthwhile for investment. In the same line, it presents an enormous business opportunity and even goes as far as exporting to other external markets overseas. This strategy will be helpful in the country. These also set our ambition as a country clear and being able to identify the various barriers that we can face in our quest. We, therefore, stimulate our energy efficiency market as well as those we use within our country2. Energy

Differences Between Us and Russian Business Styles Essay Example for Free

Differences Between Us and Russian Business Styles Essay Everyone knows that the key to effective communication is knowledge. And cross-cultural communication is not an exception to the rule. Quite the contrary we have to know not only the basic data about our foreign partner, but also we ought to be acquainted with numerous rules and standards of behavior established in his or her country. To negotiate with our partner we should possess both the minimum personal information about him or her and the maximum information about his or her country. In this essay I’d like to examine differences and common points in styles, traditions and etiquette of the US and Russian negotiations. I believe that present relations between the United States and Russia are quite good. The two countries still have differences, but they increasingly work together on a wide range of political, economic, cultural issues. Despite the fact that we can still destroy each other with our nuclear weapons, our businessmen and entrepreneurs work very closely, and Russian-American enterprises and firms develop with increased speed nowadays. Naturally I reckon it makes no sense to have all those warheads. The Cold War is over, and the best thing our countries can do is to be reconciled and to get along well with each other. And business partnership is one of the factors to establish friendly bilateral relations in all aspects of cooperation. However, sometimes it is very difficult to build relationships with people of different cultures, mentalities and customs. And this point concerns both our peoples too, because the Russians utterly differ from the Americans. In fact I consider that actually we also have much in common. So further in this essay I’m going to compare our countries’ negotiation styles and traditions, and to define how much differences we have and how much we have in common. In the first place I want to compare appearance of business circles in Russia and the USA. Both Russian men and women leading the negotiations usually wear conservative dark, often pinstriped, and well-tailored clothes along with good dress shoes. A Russian man is not supposed to take off his jacket during the negotiations, while a businesswoman is more welcomed to be dressed in a pencil skirt than in pants. However on some shirtsleeve meetings Russian people of business prefer to look more casually, in such cases they untie their ties, take off their jackets and can choose suits of more light classic colors, such as gray or camel. Similarly American business people wear conservative suits and ties of dark colors. But women  are also allowed to put on not only classic skirts and dresses, but also pants. In rural areas American people of business can wear their suits even without jackets and ties. Both Russian and American businesswomen are not supposed to wear jeans even on casual occasions. All in all negotiators of both our countries have an utterly conservative look, avoid vivid colors of fabrics and gaudy accessories. In the second place it’s necessary to compare the ways of behavior of Russian and American negoti ators. Be ready to that your counterpart from Russia will not be in time. It is quite appropriate in this country, so do not wait any excuses. What is more is that the higher is the rank of your colleague in the company the more probability he or she will be late for much time. On the contrary it is inappropriate and very offensive for your counterpart in the USA to be late, as every businessperson in this country follows the rule â€Å"time is money†. Gift giving in the USA is discouraged by many firms and companies, because it can be considered as a bribe. A gracious note will be enough for your partner. In contrast of the USA gift giving in Russia goes without saying. The fact is that it is extremely difficult and even impossible to do business in Russia without help from local authorities, thus a pretty penny, a cognac bottle, a chocolate box, a bouquet of flowers or other items can help you by doing business in Russia. It is necessary to take into account that negotiations with Russians often can be unsystematic, as negotiators in Russia can focus on several issues simultaneously. Moreover, the Russians are very emotional, so tantrums and walkouts can occur during the negotiations. Although the Americans are quite emotional too, the negotiations with them are more ordered, as they prefer focusing only on the one issue. During their negotiations Russian businesspeople can make some pauses, while the Americans seem to fill the silent periods and do most of the talking. The Americans are individualistic aggressive self-reliant businessmen who do not care for cultural customs of other countries and very often just neglect them; they have a greater level of tolerance for a variety of ideas, thoughts, and beliefs within a business team. On the contrary people of Russian business most often resort to collective thinking and take collective decisions. However, there is a great hierarchy within the structure of any company, and the subordinates must respect the chain of command and do not offer any ideas their chiefs do not want to take. The US  businesspeople are really initiative and active in contrast with negotiators from Russia who very often bide their time, demonstrating their well-known patience. Russia is renowned for its hostility, so it will be a serious breach of etiquette, if you refuse to take a drink or to have a toast. In the third place I compare the gestures the Americans and Russians have. Both in Russia and the USA you greet your colleague by a firm and lasting a few seconds handshake, but in Russia this handshake should be a little bit firmer. Also shaking hands with someone in Russia be sure that you have taken off your gloves, as it is considered rude not to. Keep good eye contact during your handshake. In the USA the counterparts who are good friends can briefly embrace, though in Russia it is not appropriate. A smile is a sign of friendliness for the US businessmen, while Russian people of business prefer to maintain gravity during the negotiations and do not smile at every occasion. In Russia it is extremely inappropriate to show soles of your boots, as they are considered to be dirty, while in the USA they can put their legs on the table. To laugh and to talk too loudly is regarded as bad manners in Russia. Just quite the reverse it is regarded as a sign of sincerity of a person in the USA. To summarize everything that has been written above, I want to stress the fact that actually both our peoples, including negotiators, do have too many differences. They have a great heap of differences in all aspects, but nevertheless I assume they have one very important common thing: both the US and Russian strive to maintain economic links and friendly relations with each other. To achieve success, business organizations sand negotiators should follow the culture of every particular country. It can be quite a problem for American and Russian people of business, because they do not pay much attention to cultures of other nations. It is quite a bad trait business circles in these countries have. Without understanding culture of a country in which organization want to do business, the organization cannot achieve success because if they don’t know the norms, values, beliefs and attitude of customers and employees then they cannot run their business successfully.

The Stone Angel Plot Summary Essay Example for Free

The Stone Angel Plot Summary Essay Hagar Shipley is an older woman who lives in western Canada with her son and his wife, Marvin and Doris.She starts to recall her life in Manawaka where she spent her childhood with family and friends. While the plot returns to present, her son Marvin and his wife Doris are trying to persuade Hagar selling their house and buying a smaller one. The proposal has been intensely rejected by Hagar, because she believes that the house is hers.Then, plot moves to the interview with the minister, Mr. Troy, however Hagar does not spend much time with him because she was suffering rib pain. Plot returns to her childhood while the interview finished, she recollects the memory while she backed to Manawaka from a young ladies academy in Toronto. She had conflict with her father when deciding her future because her father wanted Hagar to work with his company but Hagar wanted to become a school teacher.Finally, Hagar stayed in his father’s company as an accountant.At a dance, Hagar met Brampton Shipley who married with her. As a result, Hagar’s father removed the Hagar’s name from his will because of her marriage. Back to present, Hagar found out the information about the nursing house on newspaper and discovered that Marvin and Doris are planning to send her to there. Hagar was refractory while Marvin and Doris drove her to visit the nursing house. In there, Hagar recalled Bram’s business which is raising horses and Marvin’s birth. After visiting the nursing house, Hagar had a physical examination. As a result, the doctor suggested her to live in nursing house so that she can get better care. However, Hagar resisted the suggestion and still lived in her house. One day, Marvin tells Hagar that he booked a spot at nursing house so that Hagar has to move to there on Monday. Hagar was afraid and anger, therefore she planning to use her annuity for fleeing. At that time Hagar recalls the decision while she leaves Bram. Back to present, Hagar went to a place named Shadow Point alone and found an obsoleting house near to cannery. In the obsoleting house, she recalls her life when she w as a housekeeper for Mr.Oatley. Also she reminds the time when she went back to Manawaka because of the Great Depression, Bram was sick at that time and John who is second son of Hager took care of Bram until he passed away. Back to present, Hagar saw two children playing on the sand that makes her recalls the death of John and Arlene. In a night, Hagar encounters a man named Murray in the obsoleting house. Murray left in the morning next day but he returned to find Hagar with Marvin and Doris. Marvin and Doris sent her to hospital. She does not like the ward because they are many patients in the room that makes her no privacy. Finally, Hager has been moved to a private room, shares with another girl. Mr. Tory, Doris, the grandson Steven and Marvin visits her successively. The story ends while Hagar holds a glass of water and ready to drink.

Community Health Visit: Klinik Kesihatan

Community Health Visit: Klinik Kesihatan An Introduction to the Malaysian Healthcare System Most of us have been exposed to the Malaysian healthecare system one way another, be it, private clinics or government ones, even hospitals at times. The Malaysian healthcare system can be said to consist of a broad umbrella structure that encompasses the provision of healthcare to both urban, not to mentioni also, the rural regions of our beloved country. In general however, it can be classified under the public or private sector, which is very obvious in our country. The public sector which is backed financially by the government, constitutes a whopping 80% of the total health services in our country, the remaining 20%, needless to say, is provided by the private sector. The backbone, or in other words, basis of Malaysian Healthcare, is formed on the foundations of the complementary network of private and government clinics together with hospitals that are available to the public. Each state of our country have their respective General Hospitals located in the states capital. District hospitals will be present in most administrative districts. Health Centers (Klinik Kesihatan) will supplement these district hospitals. Under Health Centers, are the Rural Clinics (Klinik Desa). Comparing the healthcare system in Malaysia with other first world countries such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom, the healthcare system in Malaysia is heavily subsidized by our government, in the aforementioned first world countries, treatment costs can rocket sky high. Our government has made sure that the price the people pay for treatment from the public sector his reasonable and affordable to the majority of citizens. At least 5% of the national budget is allocated to healthcare system expenditures. Our government has listed the 8 elements of primary healthcare. To fulfill the 8 ELEMENTS, they provide these services as follows: Maternal and Child Healthcare Outpatient services Basic Dental Health Nutrition Environmental sanitation Essential drugs Control of Communicable Diseases Health Education Laboratory services Organization of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelanduk Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelanduk is located in the state of Negeri Sembilan, Port Dickson to be even more specific. There are 12 villages in the Jimah District area, and this Klinik Kesihatan is located there. On the 29th of July 1986, operations begin to go on in this clinic and the clinic has served as major centre for the treatment and recovery of the Japanese Encephalities and Nipah virus infected patients. The vaccination for the deadly Nipah virus. There are subsidiary clinics such as Klinik Desa Chuah under the jurisdiction of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelanduk that provides the medical services such as maternal and child healthcare services. Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelanduk is also located within the radius of 30 km from the Tuanku Jaafar Hospital and the Port Dickson Hospital in Negeri Sembilan Oganisation Chart Community nurse Public Health assistant U19 (6) U17 (1) Altogether there are 33 staff workers. Klinik Kesihatan Mantin is headed by an Administrative Doctor, who is directly responsible to the District Health Officer. Under the Administrative Doctor are two posts, which are the Assistant Medical Officer, and the Head Nurse. The Head Nurse is an authoritative figure, there are 7 components of the staff directly under her, which are the Assistant Pharmaceutical officer Medical Lab Technician, Assistant Medical officer, Senior Community nurse, Public Health nurse, Health nurse, and the Trained nurse. Under the Senior Community nurse would be the Community nurse, and the Public Health assistant. Components of Health Services. The Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok has 6 main departments which are the Outpatient, Maternal and Child Health, Pharmacy, Laboratory, Dental Health, and Emergency Department. The outpatient department is by far the biggest service rendered to the public and can be broken down in the diagram below The outpatient department consists of the diabetic, hypertension, mental health, healthy teen and out patient clinic. The out patient procedures of obtaining medical services is shown in the diagram on the left. The outpatient department in other words, functions as the primary healthcare clinic. It is headed by an Administrator doctor( Medical Office). The out patient clinic sees an estimated 100 patients every single day. And the head nurse and assistant medical officers will do their utmost best to carry out their respective responsibilities to assist the Administrator doctor in any duties relevant to them. The Maternal and Child Health Clinic is headed together by the administrator doctor and the head nurse. This helps in reducing the workload of the administrator doctor. The head nurse together with the staff under her will such as community nurses, will conduct frequent home visits and provide antenatal check-ups for pregnant women within that area. Diagram on the left shows a brief summary of Maternal and Child Health services. The Laboratory Department, which is headed by a medical lab technician. The medical laboratory is not as well equipped as those major hospitals, hence the Laboratory Department of Klinik Kesihatan will collaborate with the Laboratory Department of the Tuanku JaafarHospital such as urine protein tests, thyroid function tests, lipid profile and renal function tests. Diagram on left shows a brief summary of services provided by the Laboratory Department of Bukit Pelandok. Another important component of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok. After consulting the medical officers, patients who are eligible for prescriptions, will have their medication prescriptions handed to the assistant pharmaceutical officer, who will then supply the patients and inform them of the usage of the medication. Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok also has a dental department, the dental functions under the same operational hours of the clinic. Tooth extraction, filling, scaling, whitening are provided services. Major oral surgeries however would be referred to the Tuanku Jaafar and Port Dickson hospitals. Last but not least, there is also an Emergency Department, this department is equipped to handle minor emergencies, it also has an ambulance and paramedics. The bar chart on the left shows the ethnicity of the total number of patients in 2010. Services Provided by Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok. I have already stated the various departments of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok in the Components of Health Services provided section. The departments of this clinic provides a wide range of treatment modalities, hence allowing the clinic to ensure that patients enjoy effective treatment. The outpatient department is the most busy of all the departments. The purposes of the outpatient department are to provide immediate treatment to patients who are acutely or chronically sick, and also to act as a control for the clinic against infective disease such as Tuberculosis. Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok also provides the Tuberculosis Direct Observed Therapy Short-course treatment. Moving on to the Maternal and Child Health care department, the clinic mainly focuses on prenatal, antenatal, not to forget postnatal care of both the mother and foetus. There is a target to be achieved, which is the target of zero maternal deaths. They are accomplishing this target in a certain number of ways which include immediate diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia, immunization of the mother and frequent antenatal check-ups up until the estimated delivery date. There are also activities scheduled by the department for disabled children on a case by case basis. For the Laboratory Department, their main role is to enable the clinician in conducting relevant laboratory studies that will help in the diagnosis and management of the disease. The Laboratory Department allows the clinic to receive results much faster compared to the time it takes to receive results from a nearby hospital. Some common tests conducted by this department are as follows: Blood tests for HbA1c, lipid profile, platelet count, ESR Light microscopy on blood smears to detect blood disorders such as anemia, or parasites in the blood smears. Urinalysis for toxins, glycosuria, urea and red blood cell casts. Pregnancy test Other more intricate and complicated tests such as FTA-Abs for treponema pallidum, would require samples to be obtained and sent to the Tuanku Jaafar or Port Dickson General Hospital for processing. The pharmacy is responsible for dispensing medication in safe and legal amounts to patients, and to advise patients on practicing compliance in taking their medications. Patients will also be counseled on the side effects and contraindications of the drugs. Reflections From observing the complex structure of roles and responsibilities held by the different components and departments of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok, it brings to light the vast value of this particular clinic in the provision and primary healthcare of the residents in Bukit Pelandok. Many of the patients who visit this clinic are of the Malay ethnicity, I for particular, am one who is not fluent in Bahasa Melayu compared to the English language. I learnt that this could be a barrier in communicating with patients who can only speak the Malay language. I have decided that I will brush up my Bahasa Melayu, and master a few of the colloquial terms so that next time I would be able to communicate even better in the Malay language. This clinic visit has taught me that every component of the staff has a part to play, and has managed to teach me invaluable lessons of becoming a team player. Section II: Household Survey Introduction Bukit Pelanduk is most famous for the Nipah outbreak. Prior to the outbreak, during the 90s, it contain the largest pig farming communities in Southeast Asia. In between October 1998 and May 1999, that was the darkest time in Bukit Pelanduk recent history, there were approximately 104 deaths out of 258 cases of Nipah infected patients. Towards the Chinese new year in the middle of March 1999, a pig breeder from Sungai Nipah, which is located south of seremban, died suddenly triggering massive panic. Nearly half the population of the village migrated elsewhere out of fear towards the killer disease. The virus spread like a raging wildfire out of control causing many pig farmers not to mention villagers to abandon their farms and homes in panic. By March 1999, Bukit Pelanduk had become something like a ghost town due to the mass exodus. The ministry of health then decided to raise the level of this epidemic to the level of national crisis. A Cabinet-level task force was set up, and then headed by the then Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. What was confusing was that at that time, the government adamantly insisted that it was right in tagging the disease as Japanese Encephalities, however both farmers and scientists opposed this theory and suspected that it was a different strain or virus altogether. The virus then spread to Kampung Sawah, Kampung India and even Sepang. Farmers consulted temple mediums, and promptly put up red banners at the mediums advice in and around their houses to ward off the angel of death. After months of futility in treating the outbreak as Japanese Encephalitis, the government finally decided to call in the Department of Medical Micribiology of University of Malaysas medical faculty for assistance in dealing with this disease. Dr Chua Kaw Bing was the doctor who managed to isolate the virus in five days. 12 days later, it was identified as a new Hendra-like virus and tagged as Nipah. Over one million pigs, or half our contrys pig population at that time, were culled. Around 36000 ppl suffered unemployment due to the destruction of farms. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, it is estimated close to RM 500 million of pig production was lost. Today, pig farming is no longer allowed legally in Bukit Pelanduk. Since the outbreak, the young had drifted elsewhere in search of a living. Only the old remain, to live out their days. Objectives The objectives of the study are To describe the social demographic of community To identify vectors and pests To comprehend health seeking behaviour To determine the housing conditions To understand food, nutrition and health awareness To determine working environment And to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices on dengue among the community. Methodology (Methods and Materials) The household group consisting of 15 members. We met up before going to Bukit Pelandok in IMU to discuss our strategies and to plan ahead before the Bukit Pelandok visit. Household questions and objectives for the Bukit Pelandok visit was meticulously discussed and great care was poured into the formation of our questionnaire. The questionnaire was in the English language and pretested to make sure no discrepancies arose when certain terms were used. After countless hours of discussion we finally agreed on a descriptive cross-sectional study upon the target population which were the residents of Bukit Pelandok. Due to obvious time constraints, not to mention logistical ones, the art of the convenience sampling technique was called to the fore with households being identified as the basic unit of due analysis. The survey was conducted over 2 working days around the 7 housing areas within a five kilometer radius which are as follows Kampung Sawah Kampung Pachitan Kampung Jawa Kampung Cina Kampung India   Rumah Rakyat Taman Bayan Most of us were well conversant in English as well as the Malay language, and we were able to translate all of the questions confidently into Mandarin as well. As names and specific home addresses were not included as part and parcel of the questionnaire, we managed to obtain consent of participants as well as guaranteeing their anonymity and confidentiality of their responses in the survey. To display the results in an attractive and efficient manner, descriptive statistics were employed in the formulation of the results which would be put under the results chapter. Formulation of results in this survey was done with the SPSS 18 program together with the dedication of the data entry and analysis team. The following is a brief summary of the study: Study location: Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan Study period: 17-18 February 2011. Total population of Port Dickson: 90 000 people Target population: Community in the 7 areas mentioned above. Sampling technique: Convenience sampling technique Sample size: 234 Basic unit of analysis: Household Study design: Descriptive cross sectional study Study instruments: Pre-coded and pretested questionnaires in the English language via face to face verbal interviews. Data entry and analysis: SPSS 18 Operational definitions Results Table 2.2 above shows the literacy level of respondents. For the male population, 50 out of 79 males ,63.29 % are literate whereas for the female population, 108 out of 155, 69.68% are literate. Women have a higher literacy level than men it appears. Figure 2.3 Figure 2.3 shows that the most common occupation of respondents are housewives, 108 out of 234, or 46.15%. the second most common occupation is the skilled manual/clerical which stands at 38 respondents, or 16.24%. Only 5 of the respondents were students, representing only a meager 2.14%. Figure 2.4 Figure 2.4 shows that the most of the respondents have a monthly household income of around RM 1000-RM1999 which was 84 out of 234, 35.90%. There were 11 respondents, 4.70% who were of the highest income bracket (>RM 5000) Figure 2.5 Figure 2.5 above shows that majority houses in Bukit Pelandok are of the detached type, 65.81%. Figure 2.6 Figure 2.6 shows that 53.2% of houses are made out of brick whereas 39.5% and 7.3% are made out of brick and wood, and wood respectively. Table 2.3 : The Housing Characteristics of Respondents in Bukit Pelandok (n = 234) Table 2.3 shows that 97.9% of the houses have 24 hour availability of electricity whereas 98.7 % have availability of piped water supply. Garbage collection facility was low as only 46.2% of the houses had that facility. Availability of a proper sewage system was high too at 85.9%. 231 out of 234 respondents did know where the nearest health clinic was, a 98.7% majority of them. 219, 93.7% of them claim they will seek medical assistance if sick. 70.5% would choose the government clinic for medical assistance whereas 26.9% will go to seek medical assistance from a private clinic. Discussion From Figure 2.3, the bar chart shows that a huge number of respondents are housewives. This is because the time we carried out the survey was during office working hours. Hence most respondents who were the most likely to be at home during this period of time tend to be housewives. From Table 2.3 more than half of respondents claim that they do not enjoy proper garbage collection privileges. When we asked more about garbage disposal practices in that area, we found out that about once a week, rubbish is brought to a place designated by the village chief (ketua kampung). There the rubbish is either burnt or buried. If villagers feel that this is a complicated process, they would burn or bury their own rubbish in their own backyards. From Figure 2.4, the majority of respondents household income can be appreciated to be below the RM 2000 mark. Most of the residents of this area belong to the skilled/ unskilled manual field of profession as stated in the operational definitions, hence their income is lower. Limitations While conducting the study, the survey team realized that we ran into several limitations. That was inevitable. And we will list it down below. The first limitation encountered by our team was the coverage in the area of our study. A limited area makes it difficult for any study to be effectively correlated and to allow for generalizations to be made. Certain questions in the survey were not specific for respondents such as the awareness of job related risks. If the head of household is not there to answer the questionnaire, the respondent might not be able to give a very accurate answer. Therefore certain conclusions about the population of Bukit Pelandok could not be accurately derived. There were variations between the way interviewers would ask the questions. Hence there might be a slight discrepancy between explanations of questions and answers from one interviewer to another. This means that the standardized understanding of questions by respondents would have been slightly affected. The reliability of the information provided by the respondents is very hard to verify also. We depend on truthful answers and had no concrete way to validate whatever the respondent answered. There were instances also where non responses were encountered. During the survey there were also noticeable language barriers between interviewers and respondents. There was an instance where an Indian lady could only communicate well in Mandarin, hence the Malay interviewers would have had a real difficult time if not for his Mandarin-speaking partner. Conclusion Bukit Pelandok is an area where the residents put more faith in western medicine and most of them will seek medical treatment and advice from the Government Health Clinic. Local authorities need to beef up their services and improve garbage collection facilities among this area to prevent air pollution which results from open burning. Reflections I feel that this project has taught me some very important lessons and even practical skills, for example, in the entering and formulation of graphs and tables by the SPSS 18 program. This will help me in my future career as a medical doctor in the world of medical presenting, teaching and learning. This project also gave me an experience of conducting a household survey together with my batch mates, we learnt how to delegate and carry out our respective responsibilities as a team. We also managed to learn from our mentors on how to facilitate this type of household survey research. Section III-Research Report Abstract The objectives of this research survey conducted were to investigate the social status of the community and the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) on dengue among rural communities in Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. Convenient sampling was used as time was a major limiting factor. 234 and 250 people participated in the household and research survey respectively. Participants age were 18 years old and above, had the ability to converse and communicate in the Malay, English, and Mandarin language, resided permanently in the area, and holding a Malaysian citizenship. In our survey, we used a pretested, precoded, and well structured questionnaire in the English language for data collection via a face to face interview with participants. Introduction According to the WHO, the Dengue virus is transmitted through infected Aedes mosquitos with any single one of four dengue viruses when it bites a human being. This virus is more prevalent in the tropical and sub-tropical areas on Earth. After an infective bite, symptoms start presenting within the next 3-14 days. As the name dengue fever implies, it is a febrile illness that affects humans in all stages of life be it infants, young children or adults. The symptoms present with a wide range from a mild fever, to an immobilizing high fever, which is usually accompanied by severe headaches, muscle, joint pain and the occasional bout of rashes. Up to the present day, sadly, there are still no specific antiviral medicines to battle dengue. Hydration is of utmost importance when managing a patient with dengue fever. Aspirin or non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not recommended for the treatment of dengue fever. The most widely feared complication is the dengue haemorrhagic fever which is accompanied with fever, abdominal pain, bleeding and vomiting. It is potentially lethal and usually this complication affects children. Prompt clinical diagnosis and meticulous clinical management by experienced doctors and nurses usually increase the rate of survival of patients. Over the past decade, dengue has emerged as one of the most common mosquito-borne viral disease among humans. On a global scale, an estimated 2.5 billion people reside in areas where the dengue viruse can be easily transmitted. From a geographical point of view, the spread of both the vectors (Aedes mosquito) and the dengue viruses has led to a resurgence globally of an epidemic dengue fever. Together with this epidemic, there is emergence of the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in the past quarter of the century. The main vector of dengue is the Aedes aegypti ¼Ã…’ there are four different but related viruses that cause dengue. The recovery from infection by one type will provide lifelong immunity only against that particular serotype. In other words, it means a human being can be infected by another serotype of dengue virus for a subsequent time. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever was first identified during the 1950s in the Philippines and Thailand when those two countries experienced dengue epidemics. Around 1970, about nine countries had witnessed the DHF epidemic and continues to rise in our present day. All four dengue viruses are endemic in the Americas and Asia and has become one of the leading causes of hospitalization and mortalities among children in a few of their countries. Until now, vector control is the most widely used method for the dengue and DHF prevention. Broad research on dengue vaccines are still being conducted. Literature Review. A number of literature reviews provided me with a very handy guide to the socio-demography and KAP regarding dengue among the community of Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. Since i had limited time to conduct the research, the literature reviews gave me an overview and acted as a stepping stone to getting the research report together. Even for professionals, literature reviews are useful reports that keep them updated about what is current in their field. 4 journals from the internet and online journal communities were reviewed before writing this report. This included studies on KAP among the adult population in Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar. The quality of the journals was merely acceptable as most of them used convenience sampling. Only one journal used a cross sectional multistage sampling, this was the journal regarding Dengue-related Knowledge among Caregivers in Myanmar. From these journals, the group conducting the research managed to fine tune the questions in the questionnaire that was used so that the answers would be helpful and informative. According to the journal by Dr Farizah Hairi, out of all of the 200 respondents surveyed in Kuala Kangsar, only one had never heard of dengue. And the main source of information came from the television or radio. 88.5 % of the of the respondents thought that the cause of dengue was mosquitoes whereas only 2.5% knew it was the dengue virus to be exact. Out of these 200 respondents, only 91 could name Aedes as the type of mosquito that could transmit the dengue virus. The knowledge on the Aedes mosquito was quite poor. Only 25 percent of the respondents were able to mention that covering the stored water as a prevention method. The good news was that 192 (96%) of the respondents understood that presence of Aedes larvae in their residence was against the law. The practice of dengue control , the most common forms of prevention were using mosquito coils together with insecticides. Majority of respondents (96%) did consider the dengue virus as a very serious disease. All of the 200 respondents stated that they would seek treatment if they were infected with dengue. Out of the 200, 192 which is a large proportion felt that prevention was better than cure. 90.5% of the respondents support programmes or activities which are organized by the health authorities targeted at the elimination of Aedes mosquitoes. 91% of respondents too felt it was justified to punish those guilty of harbouring Aedes larvae in their residence. Based on the type of scoring system used which was described in the methodology of that particular journal, 68.5% of respondents possessed good knowledge of dengue and Aedes, whereas 91.5% had a positive attitude towards dengue control. What was disappointing was that only 51.5% of respondents actually adopted measures to prevent and control dengue and its vector. Research Question The following is the main research question that all the questions in the questionnaire are helping to answer. What is the current level of knowledge, attitudes practices for prevention of the Dengue virus among the semi-urban community? Objectives General objective To assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Dengue among the Bukit Pelanduk community. Specific Objectives: To determine the level of knowledge of the local communities on Dengue To appraise the attitude of the local communities towards Dengue To describe the practices taken by the local community to prevent Dengue infection Methodology For the KAP of dengue research survey, we used a cross-sectional study in Bukit Pelandok. Type of sampling used was convenience sampling. The sample size of the study was targeted at 250, we managed to hit that mark. A pre-tested and well structured questionnaire on KAP of Dengue was used. The household survey was carried out within the range of a 5 km radius around the Bukit Pelanduk Health Clinic which included -Kampung Chuah -Kampung Sawah -Kampung Pachitan -Kampung Cina -Rumah Rakyat -Taman Bayan From the 14th to the 16th of February 2011, we did some brainstorming to finalise the topic and questions. After that we sent the questionnaires for printing. 2 members of the group were sent to Bukit Pelandok to check out the area before the day we went to conduct the research. We then had to divide determine the criteria of interviewees which would be fit for selection to answer the questionnaires. The criteria the interviewees must fulfil is that they be above 18 years old, a resident of that household, and a Malaysian citizen. Our questionnaire had 4 main components which included socio-demographics, knowledge, attitude and practices. The medium used to conduct the interview were the Malay, English, and Mandarin language. On the 17th to 18th of February 2011, we proceeded to the execution of the research study. We divided the research group into 13 pairs. On the 1st day, we covered areas within walking distance, which was as far as up to Kampung Cina and Kampung Sawah. The 2nd day , we were dropped off by group members who had cars and managed to cover further areas as far as up to Taman Bayan and Chuah. As like the previous household survey, there was a key emphasis placed on obtaining consent from respondents of the survey as well as maintaining their anonymity and confidentiality of any of their responses to the survey. The descriptive statistics program, SPSS 18, was employed in the formulation of the results of the survey. The SPSS 18 greatly helped in data entry together with analysis. A P-value of less than 0.05 was used to prove the validity of the collected data unless otherwise stated. The scoring system used is as follows. Knowledge 10 vital questions à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 7 correct GOOD knowledge Attitude 6 vital questions à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 4 Yes GOOD attitude Practice 7 vital questions à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 4 Yes GOOD practice There were some protocols that we followed to reduce bias or error while conducting the interview. We did our best to avoid suggestive questions, and the questionnaire was pretested among our own group members. There was a briefing held to convey the standardization of questioning. House allocations were done to prevent overlap and we tried our best to extensive coverage of Bukit Pelandok. Our group also double checked the SPSS data after input. Results Socio Demographic data Gender Figure 3.1 shows the gender of respondents .60.4% and 39.6% were female and male respectively out of 250 respondents. Age group Figure 3.2 shows the age group of the respondents, a majority, 40.4% were middle aged. Ethinicity Figure 3.3 shows the Malay ethnicity is 59.6%, the majority. Figure 3.4 shows the educa Literature Review: Methods Of Virus Protection Literature Review: Methods Of Virus Protection Computer viruses are most critical area in computer science. All computer users in the world are suffering from this threat. Viruses reproduce themselves and spread through computer to computer as well as network to network. There are some antivirus software and some best practices to prevent from computer viruses. As well as this literature review contains the present situation of computer viruses, protection from computer viruses and how new antivirus software performs on computer viruses. end{abstract} section{Introduction} The only secure computer is one thats unplugged, locked in a safe and buried 20 feet under the ground in a secret locationÃÆ' ¯Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ Dennis Huges, FBI begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} The above statement shows the current security situation of computers and the role computer viruses play in computer world. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Computer virus is a program that can execute itself with the help of another infected executable program without knowledge of computer user and infect to computer. Viruses usually copy itself in current host and another new host also. So generally viruses are infecting to executable files. Some kinds of viruses only reproduce itself within the current host and from the current host to another host and spread in the host. Those are harmless than viruses that damage to the computer program, activities and data in the computer. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} But there are some other malicious software other than the viruses. Those are called malware. These malicious software can spread without help of executable program. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Computer viruses are also computer programs. So anyone who has a personal computer can create a virus program with few lines of codes. This means birth places of viruses are widely available. Also a virus is activated in host computer; the infection can spread through network (LAN or Internet) to other computers. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Virus attaches itself to other program and spreads with them. Most of the time virus attaches to executable program, when the infected executable program is running then virus is also executing behind that process. Also computer viruses can infiltrate to operating system. So all operating systems like MS Windows, PC Dos, Unix and Macintosh OS have probability to infect with viruses. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Some viruses do some destruction as soon as they enter a system. But some of others are programmed to lie dormant until activate by some signal. The signal may be mouse click, specific date, time or specific common sequence of keystrokes. As an example the famous Michelangelo virus, it is set to activate his birthday March 6. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Protecting the computers from the malicious software is the most challenging thing. But there are many ways to protect the computers from computer viruses. Although there are lots of methods to protect the computers from viruses, the computer users also have a responsibility to protect the computers from computer viruses. From the next section of review is considered about different types of Malware. cite{1} newpage section{Different types of Malware} There are different types of Malware spread in computer world. But it can mainly identified as follow. begin{itemize} item Viruses item Worms item Trojan Horses item Logic Bomb end{itemize} begin{figure}[h] par includegraphics[bb =0 0 100 325 ]{virus.png} caption{Malware Growth by Year} cite{10} par end{figure} newpage subsection{Viruses} Virus is block of executable code that is attached itself to another executable program by attaching external code, overwriting or replacing of the executable program code. When the computer user execute the infected program the automatically activate virus also by executing the hide block of code. This is the way how virus is infected to computer without knowing of user. But viruses get help from computer user to propagate in his machine. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} There are several types of viruses; they are categorized into various categories according to the way how they infect to system and what part of system is. Figure1 shows how Malware growth with year. It clearly show increase of Malware in year by year. cite{1,5} begin{itemize} item Boot sector viruses item Macro viruses item File infecting viruses item Polymorphic viruses item Stealth viruses item Multi-partite viruses item Resident viruses item Companion viruses item FAT viruses end{itemize} subsubsection{Boot sector viruses} Boot sector viruses are infected to the boot sector of computer otherwise master boot record of computer. Boot sector viruses are very difficult to detect because the master boot sector is the first thing loaded when computer started. So if this virus effect to computer, the virus get fully control of the machine. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} When boot sector virus infect to computer, they first move or replace the original boot code with infected boot code. Then the original boot code move to another sector of on disk and labeled that part as bad sector. So it will not use in future. The important thing is 75 per cent of viruses attacks are reported from boot sector viruses. The main and only way computer can infected with this virus is boot computer using infected disk. So some modern anti-virus software is designed to check infected disk, when boot using disk and before boot strap is loaded.cite{1,2} subsubsection{Macro viruses} In computing macro virus is virus that is crated using macro language. Macro language built into software such as word processor. So macro viruses propagate with applications which are used macros. In most of the time macro viruses infected with MS Office Word, MS Office Excel. However many of windows applications have to potential infected macro viruses too. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Because some applications allow macro program to be embedded in documents. So when the document is opening the macro run automatically. Also macro viruses spread rapidly because of peoples share data, documents and also use internet to get data and email document. Therefore Microsoft suggests opening file without macros or user can verify there is no damage macro with the document. But these methods are also not worked at all macro viruses.cite{2,3} subsubsection{File infecting viruses } File infecting viruses are infected to flies, and sometime they are allocated memory of computer. Files infecting viruses are infected with executable files, but most of the time it infect to executable files with extensions .COM, .EXE and .OVL. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Consider with boot sector viruses these are easy to detect. If the file infecting virus infects to some document, usually it increases the size of the file. Therefore Anti-virus software can detect those viruses using that feature.cite{1} subsubsection{Polymorphic viruses} Polymorphic viruses are change there appearance in each time when it infect to computer. So it is very difficult to detect theses type of viruses. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Polymorphic viruses also block of programming code, so they are encrypting there code using different algorithms every time they attack to system. Some polymorphic viruses can assume over two billion different guises. Therefore anti-virus software should make with good algorithmic scanning techniques instead of simple string based scanning techniques.cite{1,4} subsubsection{Stealth viruses} Stealth virus is a virus that hides its track after infecting to system. These types of viruses also try to hide from operating system and Anti-virus software. Therefore stealth viruses always stay in memory then they can intercept all attempts to use the operating system. Therefore these viruses waste memory available for user and hide it form both user and Anti-virus software. It hides changes it creates to files, directory structure and operating system also. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} When detected theses type of viruses using Anti-viruses software, then first it should disable the virus before correct the memory location in memory because stealth viruses also stay in memory.cite{1,6} subsubsection{Multi-partite viruses} Multi-partite viruses infect both boot sector and executable program. Therefore this type of virus very difficulty detected.cite{1} subsubsection{Resident viruses} Permanent viruses reside in the RAM.cite{7} subsubsection{Companion viruses} These are working like resident viruses or direct action viruses. subsubsection{FAT viruses} These infect to the file allocation table. subsection{Worms} Worms is a self-replicating computer malware type. It spread copy of itself to other host using computer network. Worms different than viruses how the reproduce and spread. It was known viruses want host program or boot sector to activate it need file transfer (infected file) to another computer to spread to it. But worms did not want any host files to execute and they can execute independently and spread using network. Therefore they normally find addresses to propagate and they pick addresses in three ways, begin{itemize} item Randomly generate addresses item Find addresses in system tables item Find addresses in a program end{itemize} begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} The threat of worms is equivalent to that of viruses. Computer worms can damage and destroyed some important files and it can crash critical programs to stop working sometime. The very prominent examples of worms are the MS-Blaster and Sasser worms.cite{1,2,8} subsection{Trojan horses} Trojan horses are distractive programs that hide in some valuable and useful software in internet. Some time worms and viruses hide within Trojan horses. The different between virus an Trojan hours is Trojan did not spread itself. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Normally Trojan hours spread into two parts those are client side and server side. When the client Trojan executes in computer the server the attacker otherwise server can get high level control of the client computer. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} The Trojan hours spread in several ways, most of the time with infected e-mail attachment. Also virus developers use some chat program like Yahoo messenger, Skype to spread these Trojans. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Commonly there are several types of Trojan horses like remote access Trojan, password sending Trojan, key loggers, destructive Trojan, FTP Trojan and proxy Trojan.cite{1,9} subsection{Logic bomb} The logic bomb virus is a piece of code that are inputted into a software system. When a certain and specific condition is met, such as clicking on an internet browser or opening a particular file, the logic bomb virus is set off. Many programmers set the malicious virus off during days such as April Fools Day or Friday the 13th. When the virus is activated, then various activities will take place. For example, files are permanently deleted.cite{1,10} newpage section{How viruses spread} Virus is one kind of malicious software which does some kind of harm to the activities of the computer. They always need a host program or any executable program to be executed its code. As viruses cannot execute its code by itself, the virus has to get the help of another file. Because of this reason, the viruses can effect only to several kinds of files such as html files with JavaScript, word documents and spread sheets. As the files with the extension .gif, .jpg,.wav,.mp3 files considered as pure data files, a virus cannot do a harm to these files. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} What the viruses do to spread is copying its code to another executable file. Then when that executable file is executed by another person the code of the virus is also executing and it then starts to search for files it can reside in the same computer or in the other computer which has been connected to the computer. Then the newly attacked programs are also trying to search for files which it can attack. If the infected file sends to another computer by a removable media, the computer virus infects to that computer too. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} There are number of ways which a virus can enter into a computer. Most of the time viruses are spreading through the internet. As creation of viruses is rapidly increasing and internet is everywhere available, spread of the computer viruses has increase more and more. Computer viruses are coming to the computer with e-mails in e-mail attachments. When the user opens the e-mail, the computer virus enters into the computer and grows in the computer. Another way of entering a virus into a users computer is by downloading something from some web sites. Through floppy disks or another removable media, it is possible for a virus to enter into a computer.cite{1} section{What the computer viruses and other malicious software can and cannot do} begin{itemize} item Use disk space by the computer viruses in vain. item Delete or modify the content of the infected files. item Interrupt to some operations of the infected computer. item Display some messages or images. item Decrease the performance of the computer. item Block the computer networks. item Do not do any harm to the hardware components that are connected to the computer. end{itemize} section{Protection from computer viruses} Once a computer infects with some computer viruses, the computer users cannot identify whether a computer virus has entered into the computer or computer system as some computer viruses are in idle mode for some period of time. The computer users can know that a computer virus has entered into the computer only by looking at the evidence of the destruction they have done. So the computer users must always consider about the safety of their computer before a virus do some destruction to the computer. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} As most of the computer users are now aware of the computer viruses, they specially pay their attention to limit the chance for a computer virus to enter into their computer. By just installing an anti virus software the users cannot give the responsibility of protecting the computer from computer viruses only to the anti virus software programs. The computer users also have the responsibility of protecting the computer from computer viruses. Although most of the computer users trust and use an anti virus software to protect their computers from computer viruses, there are best practices which should be followed by the computer users. begin{itemize} item When downloading software or any other thing from web sites the users should always be careful to download them from reliable web sites. item As viruses can come with e-mail attachments when the computer user checks the e-mails, messages from unknown contacts should not be opened. item If the user is logging into the computer with admin privileges, the chance to be infected by some computer viruses or malware is greater than the user log into the computer with user privileges. As some viruses cannot enter into the computer when the user logged as a user, log into the computer with user privileges is safer. item Restrict the other users from write privilege is another option. item Put passwords that cannot be easily guessed by another person. item Backup data. item Use only trusted software. end{itemize} begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} How much the company or person has to pay for an anti virus software, today most of the computer users are used to get the service of an anti virus software as the data are worth than the amount they pay to protect their computer or computer system. So installing an anti virus software program has become the most popular and reliable method of protecting from computer viruses. cite{14} newpage subsection{Computer virus protection with anti virus software programs} As computer viruses are available everywhere in the world, the better way to protect the systems is installing an anti virus software in them. Because of that reason, there are lots of anti virus software providers to provide their services to the customers. Various anti virus software providers are providing their service to the customers in various ways. They are client pull method, provider push with consent method, subscription method and care taking method. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Client pull method After a request from the client or customer for the service of an anti virus software, the service provider provides their service to the client. In this method as its name said, client should take the initiative to get the service. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Provider push with consent method The service providers sends email notification about their product and then the customers download the anti virus software and install it on the computer. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Subscription method The client agree to an agreement with the service provider. In this method when the vendor updates the anti virus software, the updates will automatically downloaded into the customers computer. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Care taking method In this method none of the individual computer user should not do anything to protect the computer from viruses. The service provider provides the service as a whole. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} The mechanisms used by various kinds of anti virus programs to detect a computer virus is not able to catch all the viruses or not able to not to catch the non virus things. Traditional anti virus software used two methods to detect a computer virus.cite{15,16} subsubsection{String matching technique} Some anti virus providers stored the codes of the computer viruses in a virus dictionary and when performing a scan, the anti virus software searches the scanning file for a piece of code from the virus dictionary. If a matching character is met, then the anti virus software detects that file as a suspicious file and alerts the user saying there is a suspicious file in the computer. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} But if a virus creator creates and release a new computer virus, as the code of that virus is not available in the virus dictionary, the anti virus program is not able to detect that virus. So the anti virus software which use this technique cannot guarantee that all the computer viruses can be detected by itself.cite{17} subsubsection{Detecting a virus by monitoring the behavior of the program} The anti virus programs which use this technique is monitoring the behavior of the scanned program and if there is an unusual behavior, the anti virus program detect it as an infected program and report it to the user. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} But if the anti virus software detect a non infected program as an infected program and after reporting it to the user if the user deletes it from the computer, a problem arise. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Although the anti virus software can be trusted, there are some fake anti virus software which do not provide a protection against computer viruses. They have created only with the objective of earning money from the computer users by intruding them. Because of this reason, the computer users also have the ability to download and install only the trusted anti virus software.cite{17} subsection{Antivirus software rating} The latest antivirus software rates in the world.cite{11} begin{itemize} item BitDefender Antivirus 2010 This provides a great security, simple usability, effective use of resources, and a valuable pricetag and provides up to date technologies to combat viruses and other malware.Active virus control is the latest technology they are looking for to give a great security by always observing the behavior of a file. cite{19} item Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2010 All around protection from number of threats like viruses, Trojans, bots, worms, and spyware. This is more easy to use as it has created with user friendly navigations. cite{20} item Webroot AntiVirus with SpySweeper 2010 A comprehensive desktop anti virus package which is used a multi-layered approach.Webroot AntiVirus with Spy Sweeper also features proactive technology to find malware before it does any harm to the computer. cite{21} item Norton AntiVirus 2010 Great protection level against malware but a problem arises when uninstalling the software as its partial ninstallation. This uses traditional signature based detection mechanism to detect malware. cite{22} item ESET Nod32 Antivirus 4 Kind of desktop anti virus software. But this doesnt provide a complete security and misses some protection. This is not in the competition with other anti virus software. cite{23} item AVG Anti-Virus 9 Includes antivirus and antispyware protection. provides complette protection from harmful downloads and web cites. cite{24} item F-Secure Anti-Virus 2010 Great desktop anti virus. Has one of the most effective scan procedure and test results are shown to prove that. When installing this anti virus software, it has been automatically configured to remove the other anti virus software installed to the computer. cite{25} item G DATA AntiVirus 2011 Uses two distinct antivirus scanning engines, behavioral/heuristic protection, and even self-learning fingerprinting.This provides protection against malware spreading via emails and IM. The types of malware which are detected by this anti virus software are,phishing scams, dialers, adware, malicious scripts, Trojans, rootkits and worms. cite{26} item Avira AntiVir Premium item Trend Micro AntiVirus + AntiSpyware end{itemize} section{Cryptography and viruses} Cryptography is technique use to safe some data from other unauthorized people. Most of the time this is used when transfers data from computer to another one. But the problem is virus programmers also use this technique to their viruses. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} In cryptography there are different kind of cryptography methods available but most of the time the programmer who create viruses use symmetric single key cryptography. Actually what happen in cryptography is data encrypt using key and send that encrypted data to recipient then recipient decrypt and get original data using the key. This method is so safe because the encrypted data can not anyone understand. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Normally anti-virus program detect virus using the code of the virus. If there any virus with encrypted code then anti virus software can not identify those viruses. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Virus creators using cryptography, they encrypt the code of the virus. So some viruses change their aspects moment to moment and system to system but the key is same but is encrypted with virus code. So the virus is safe from anti-virus software, till the code is encrypted. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} But some cryptography viruses keep their key in separate places instead of keep with the same file. So good anti virus software can detect the places which keys are stored. Then it can decrypt the virus code and delete it. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Therefore computer system is protected some operating system developers keep the system fies as encrypted. So even though, there are some advantages and the facilities in using cryptography systems to be it prctically applicapable in virus preventation more advanced features of cryptography should be applied.cite{13} newpage section{Conclusion} As computer usage and internet usage is increasing in the modern world, the computer virus creation and the computer virus infection has become a common thing. Computer viruses can destroy a whole computer system or computer network within few seconds. But for any kind of company, the data they have should have confidentiality, integrity and availability. But sometimes those three things will be lost by the computer viruses. So most of the computers users are now try to avoid from the computer viruses. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} But computer virus infection has become so common thing because of the unawareness and the careless of the computer users about computer viruses. If the computer is attacked by a computer virus, the computer users do not do the correct thing to avoid spreading the virus to the other computers. That is why the computer viruses are spreading all over the world quickly. If a new computer virus is found from a users computer, the anti virus software providers are unable to provide a solution to the problem before it spread everywhere. The computer user has great responsibility to not to let a computer virus enter into the computer. To mitigate the destruction, this can happen to the computer from computer viruses, begin{itemize} item Aware the computer users about computer viruses. item Backup the data. item Put passwords which cannot easily guess by the outsiders. item Not to give write permission to the other persons. item Do not open suspicious e-mails from unknown contacts. item Download and use only the recommended software. item Install an anti virus software. item Always keep the anti virus database up to date. item Use only the recommended anti virus software. end{itemize} begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} As computer users are now searching for the best anti virus software which can give the best protection to their computers from computer malware, the anti virus market has grown and saturated with various kinds of anti virus software. But the problem is that though there are more anti virus software with the target of providing a better protection; virus creators are more powerful than anti virus program creators. They encrypt the code of the computer virus so that any of the anti viruses cannot detect that computer virus. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Considering all the fact we can come to a conclusion that any of the computer in the world cannot be there with no virus attack and any of the computer virus protection methods cannot eradicate the computer viruses from the computer forever. newpage begin{thebibliography}{widest entry} bibitem{1} McAfee,emph{An Introduction to Computer Viruses and other Destructive Programs},Available at: http://www.mcafee.com/common/media/vil/pdf/av_white.pdf bibitem{2} Markus Hanhisalo,emph{computer Viruses},Available at:http://www.tml.tkk.fi/Opinnot/Tik-110.501/1997/viruses.html# 1.Introduction% 20to% 20Computer% 20Viruses bibitem{3} Top Bits,2010, {http://www.topbits.com/types-of-computer-viruses.html} bibitem{4} Spamlaws,2009,emph{Understanding the Polymorphic Virus},Available at: http://www.spamlaws.com/polymorphic-virus.html bibitem{5} Ward Takamiya,Jocelyn Kasamoto,emph{An Introduction to Computer Viruses} bibitem{6} Spamlaws,2009,emph{Spotting the Stealth Virus},Available at:http://www.spamlaws.com/stealth-virus.html bibitem{7}Spamlaws,2009, emph{Understanding the Resident Virus},Available at:http://www.spamlaws.com/resident-virus.html bibitem{8} Top Bits,2010{http://www.topbits.com/computer-worm.html} bibitem{9} Top Bits,2010{http://www.topbits.com/trojan-virus.html} bibitem{10} Top Bits,2010,{http://www.topbits.com/logic-bomb.html} bibitem{11} emph{AntiVirus Software Review },http://anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/ bibitem{12} emph{Computer knowledge virus tutorial},Available at:www.cknow.com bibitem{13} Charles P. 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